A Modular Self-Driving Laboratory for Automated Synthesis of CsPb(Cl/Br/I) 3 Perovskite Nanocrystals

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Abstract
Self-driving laboratories (SDLs) integrating automation and data-driven control are increasingly used in materials synthesis. Existing SDLs still face challenges in hardware integration and stable flow operation. Here, we report a modular fluidic-microwave SDL for the automated synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) with programmable thermal profiles and inline photoluminescence monitoring. Its constant-pressure fluidics and batch microwave design decouple reaction temperature from residence time, suppress flow pulsation, and yield reproducible low-noise data sets. Using CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I), the platform achieves relative standard deviations of 1.53% in fwhm, 0.06% in peak wavelength, and 1.85% in PL intensity across runs. Automated parameter screening identifies an optimal synthesis window (120-140 °C, 28 °C min-1, 120-180 s, Pb/Cs = 2-3) that produces phase-pure nanocrystals with narrow emission line widths (∼18-19 nm). This SDL provides a reproducible, programmable basis for closed-loop optimization and AI-guided nanomaterials synthesis.
Funding Information
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2024-05757)
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RTI-2025-00386)

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