With the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, the application of adaptive learning systems in the field of education has received widespread attention. In this paper, we study the application of AI-based adaptive learning system in university Chinese education, with special attention to its technical foundation and practical effect. From three aspects of system architecture, algorithm design and natural language processing (NLP) technology, this paper discusses how to use AI technology to achieve personalized learning paths and real-time content adjustment to enhance students' learning effects. Through the analysis of existing cases, the successful practices and challenges of the system in university Chinese education are summarized. It is shown that the AI-driven adaptive learning system has significant advantages in enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes, but further research is needed in data privacy, system scalability, and the complexity of NLP processing of Chinese. This paper provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the future wide application of AI technology in Chinese language education.