Vegetation Analysis and Species Diversity in the Protection Block and Natural Forest of KGPAA Mangkunagoro I Grand Forest Park, Central Java, Indonesia

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Abstract
Grand Forest Park (GFP) is a conservation area designated for biodiversity preservation and native and non-native fauna collections. Comprehensive data on vegetation diversity is crucial for scientific knowledge and effective conservation management. This study analysed tree species diversity and community structure in two locations: the GFP Mangkunagoro I Conservation Block and the BKPH Lawu Utara Natural Forest in Karanganyar, Central Java. Vegetation analysis was performed across four growth stages: seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. The results revealed that the GFP Conservation Block hosts 42 tree species from 34 families. In this area, Helicia robusta (locally known as Cebongan) dominated the seedling (IVI 174.60) and sapling (IVI 73.79) stages, while Quercus sp. (Pasang) dominated the pole stage (IVI 36.23), and Oenanthe javanica was most prominent in the tree stage (IVI 60.29). Conversely, the BKPH Lawu Utara Natural Forest recorded 24 tree species from 23 families. Dominance in this area was characterised by Helicia robusta in the seedling stage (IVI 41.26), but transitioned to Quercus sp., which dominated the sapling (IVI 52.93), pole (IVI 42.91), and tree stages (IVI 115.80). These findings illustrated distinct patterns of species dominance and composition between the conservation block and natural forest, providing essential baseline data for forest management in the Lawu region.