Epidemic spreading on multigraphs

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Abstract
Multigraphs are graphs in which multiple links between pairs of nodes are allowed, whereas they are forbidden in simple graphs, the latter being widely used in network science. Simple graphs generated by the configuration model have served as a benchmark for validating theoretical approaches to dynamical processes on networks. However, generating large scale-free networks with degree exponent γ < 3 introduces uncontrolled disassortative correlations and severe computational limitations due to the prohibition of reconnecting hubs. These constraints do not exist in multigraphs. We investigate how multiple connections affect epidemic spreading by comparing several epidemic models exhibiting an active steady state on simple graphs and multigraphs sharing the same degree sequence and natural upper cutoff. By analyzing epidemic thresholds, finite-size scaling, and localization, we show that differences between simple graphs and multigraphs emerge only when epidemic activity can persist on isolated hubs (star subgraphs) for times exponentially long in the hub degree. Our results remove a methodological barrier to the study of dynamical processes on large scale-free networks.
Funding Information
  • Finance Code (001)
  • INCT-NeuroComp
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Brazil (APQ-01973-24)
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Brazil (APQ-03079-24)
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil (308162/2023-4)
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil (310984/2023-8)
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil (407871/2025-0)
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (408389/2024-9)
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (408775/2024-6)
  • INCT-DigiSaúde
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (25/24366-1)
  • Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil

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