Abstract
In 2016, more than 11.5 million Americans aged 12 years or older (4.4% of the population) reported misuse of prescription opioids and more than 14 000 people died from overdoses involving prescription opioids in the United States.1,2 Despite these known risks and very little evidence to support long-term opioid therapy for pain management, at least 214 million opioid prescriptions were dispensed every year in the United States since 2006.3,4 In response, the US Department of Health and Human Services declared a public health emergency in October 2017 to address the national opioid crisis.5

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