Valorization of pineapple processing residues through acetification to produce specialty vinegars enriched with red-Jambo extract of Syzygium malaccense leaf

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Abstract
The present study proposes the production of vinegars from pineapple processing residues as an eco-friendly strategy for adding value and economic strengthening of the production chain. Pineapple pulp and peel wines were produced and acetificated to vinegar by wild strains of acetic bacteria using Orlean’s method (traditional system) followed by enrichment with leaf extract of Red-Jambo,Syzygium malaccense.Appreciable phenolic contents and antioxidant potential were found in pulp and peel vinegars with the added leaf extract. Catechin, epicatechin and caffeic,p-coumaric, ferulic, and gallic acids were the main phenolic compounds found in peel vinegar. The enrichment of the vinegar with the extract promoted an increase in the content of polyphenols (443.6–337.3 mg GAE/L) and antioxidant activity. Peel wines presented higher luminosity (L*) and higher saturation index (C*), and their color tended more toward yellow than pulp wines. Acetification reduced the saturation index (C*) and led to the intensification of the hue angle in the peels vinegar. Each type of pineapple vinegar produced showed biocidal activity against different bacteria and yeast, and the addition of leaf extract potentiated the antimicrobial activity of peel vinegar, especially againstStaphalococcus aureus. The vinegars developed could find an attractive market niche in the food sector.

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