Recent Advances of Hydrogels in 3D Cell Culture: A New Dimension in Biomedical Research

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Abstract
Three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture has emerged as an advanced platform in biomedical research, offering more physiologically relevant models compared with conventional two‐dimensional (2D) systems. Traditional 2D cultures often fail to reproduce the complex cellular architecture, cell–cell interactions, and extracellular matrix signaling present in native tissues, resulting in limited predictive accuracy in disease modeling and drug screening. In this context, hydrogels have gained considerable attention as versatile biomaterials for constructing biomimetic 3D culture environments. With tunable mechanical properties, porosity, and degradability, these materials enable precise control over cellular behavior, making them ideal for diverse biomedical applications. Recent advancements in hydrogel engineering have significantly improved the design of physiologically relevant 3D culture models. These innovations have facilitated the development of complex cellular structures such as spheroids and organoids, enabling improved investigation of tissue development, tumor progression, and regenerative processes. This review aims to enlighten recent innovations in hydrogel design for 3D cell culture, with a focus on material composition, crosslinking strategies, and functional modifications that enhance biological relevance. The scope of the review encompasses emerging hydrogel systems and their applications in disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine, emphasizing how these advances are redefining in vitro biomedical research.

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