Electromagnetic force from electric vehicles: Potential electromagnetic interference source for subcutaneous implantable defibrillator

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Abstract
Background: Electromagnetic interference (EMI) encompasses electromagnetic field signals that can be detected by a device's circuitry, potentially resulting in adverse effects such as inaccurate sensing, pacing, device mode switching, and defibrillation. EMI may impact the functioning of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) and lead to inappropriate therapy.Method: An experimental measuring device, a loop antenna mimicking the implantable cardioverted defibrillator (ICD) antenna, was developed, and validated at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and sent to Wright State University for testing. Two sets of measurements were conducted while the vehicle was connected to a 220‐Volt outlet with charging at ON and OFF. Each measurement set involved three readings at various locations, with the antenna oriented in three different positions to account for diverse patient postures. The experiment utilized a Tesla Model 3 electric vehicle (EV), assessing scenarios both inside and outside the car, including the driver's seat, driver's seat floor, passenger's seat, rear seat, rear seat floor, cup holder, charging port (car), and near the charging station.Results: The detected voltage (max 400 to 504 millivolts) around the cup holder inside the car differed from all other measurement scenarios.Conclusion: The investigation highlights the identification of EMI signals originating from an EV) that could potentially interrupt the functionality of a Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator (S‐ICD). These signals fell within the R‐wave Spectrum of 30–300 Hz. Further in‐vivo studies are essential to determine accurately the level of interference between S‐ICDs and EMI from Electric Vehicles.

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