Enrichment of Scleroderma Vascular Disease–Associated Autoantigens in Endothelial Lineage Cells

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Abstract
Objective: Scleroderma patients with autoantibodies to CENPs and/or interferon‐inducible protein 16 (IFI‐16) are at increased risk of severe vascular complications. This study was undertaken to determine whether these autoantigens are enriched in cells of the vasculature.Methods: Successive stages of embryoid bodies (EBs) as well as vascular progenitors were used to evaluate the expression of scleroderma autoantigens IFI‐16 and CENP by immunoblotting. CD31 was included to mark early blood vessels. IFI‐16 and CD31 expression were defined in paraffin‐embedded skin sections from scleroderma patients and from healthy controls. IFI‐16 expression was determined by flow cytometric analysis in circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells.Results: Expression of CENP‐A, IFI‐16, and CD31 was enriched in EBs on days 10 and 12 of differentiation, and particularly in cultures enriched in vascular progenitors (IFI‐16, CD31, and CENPs A and B). This pattern was distinct from that of comparator autoantigens. Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin‐embedded skin sections showed enrichment of IFI‐16 in CD31‐positive vascular endothelial cells in biopsy specimens from scleroderma patients and normal controls. Flow cytometric analysis revealed IFI‐16 expression in circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells but minimal expression in CECs.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that expression of the scleroderma autoantigens IFI‐16 and CENPs, which are associated with severe vascular disease, is increased in vascular progenitors and mature endothelial cells. High level, lineage‐enriched expression of autoantigens may explain the striking association between clinical phenotypes and the immune targeting of specific autoantigens.
Funding Information
  • Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (MSCRF)
  • Jerome L. Greene Foundation, the Scleroderma Research Foundation, and a Rheumatology Research Foundation Scientist Development Award
  • Martha McCrory Professorship and the Scleroderma Research Foundation
  • NIH (R01-DE-12354, R56-AR-062615, P30-AR-053503)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01-HL-099775)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) (R01-HD-082098)
  • MSCRF (2013-MSCRFII-0032-00, 2014-MSCRFE-118153)
  • American Heart Association (13GRNT16420015)

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