A Non-Invasive Technique to Unveil Renal Implications in Anderson–Fabry Disease

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Abstract
Background: Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A activity and the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in tissues, which leads to multiorgan damage. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and the T1 mapping technique are essential tools for the assessment of AFD cardiac involvement. Moreover, the T1 mapping technique has proved to be a successful non-invasive method for the early detection of patients most at risk for kidney disease. We evaluated the application of MRI in patients with AFD to assess renal involvement. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 19 patients (Group A) with histologically proven AFD who underwent routine CMR examinations for the evaluation of cardiac involvement, selecting specific sequences that also showed the left kidney, compared to a control population (Group B, 19 patients) without kidney disease. A Spearman’s rank-order correlation was run to assess the relationship between the T1 mapping values of the heart and kidney in Group A and between the kidneys of Groups A and B. Results: There was a positive correlation between the heart and kidney T1 values in Group A (rho = 0.32). More interestingly, we observed a negative correlation between the kidney values of both groups (Group A mean 1284 ± 137 ms, Group B mean 1073 ± 57 ms, rho = −0.38), which is probably related to the presence of microvascular damage and infiltrates in the kidneys of AFD patients. Conclusions: To our knowledge, these results are the first to highlight the key value of T1 mapping in assessing pathological changes and aiding in the non-invasive diagnosis of renal involvement in AFD.

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