II - The Acanthodian fishes

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Abstract
The Acanthodian fishes form one of the most sharply demarcated and recognizable groups of vertebrate fossils. Their characteristic squamation of square, exceedingly minute ganoid scales, and the fact that all the fins except the caudal fin are supported by large anterior spines, distinguish them sharply from all other fishes, and enable even fragmentary specimens to be recognized without doubt. They are worldwide in distribution, and their range in tim e is thus known with considerable certainty. The first fragments, attributed on very good evidence to the group, are isolated fin spines, found in Upper Silurian rocks perhaps not earlier than the Downtonian, which seem to be identical with those found in complete fishes of Lower Devonian age. The group was more varied in structure and played a larger part in the world in Lower Devonian times than at any other period. Even in the Middle Old Red Sandstone the range in structure had been reduced, and by Carboniferous times very few forms remained.

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