Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) in Neurosurgery: Unexplored Path Towards Personalized Brain Surgery

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Abstract
Background: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is a non-operative technique that allows for magnetic cortical stimulation (TMS) and analysis of the electrical currents generated in the brain (EEG). Despite the regular utilization of both techniques independently, little is known about the potential impact of their combination in neurosurgical practice. Methods: This scoping review, conducted following PRISMA guidelines, focused on TMS-EEG in epilepsy, neuro-oncology, and general neurosurgery. A literature search in Embase and Ovid MEDLINE returned 3596 records, which were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. After full-text review, three studies met the inclusion criteria. Two independent investigators conducted study selection and data extraction, with mediators resolving disagreements. The NHLBI tool was used to assess risk of bias in the included studies. Results: A total of 3596 articles were screened following the above-mentioned criteria: two articles and one abstract met the inclusion criteria. TMS-EEG is mentioned as a promising tool to evaluate tumor–brain interaction, improve preoperative speech mapping, and for lateralization epileptic focus in patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. Lack of detailed patient and outcome information preclude further considerations about TMS-EEG use beyond the potential applications of this technique. Conclusions: TMS-EEG research in neurosurgery is required to establish the role of this non-invasive brain stimulation-recording technique. Tumor–brain interaction, preoperative mapping, and seizure lateralization are in the front row for its future applications.

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