Constraints on the ultra-high energy cosmic ray output of gamma-ray bursts

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Abstract
Ultra-high energy cosmic rays are the most extreme energetic particles detected on Earth, however, their acceleration sites are still mysterious. We explore the contribution of low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts to the ultra-high energy cosmic ray flux, since they form the bulk of the nearby population. We analyse a representative sample of these bursts detected by BeppoSAX, INTEGRAL and Swift between 1998-2016, and found that in order to reconcile our theoretical flux with the observed flux, these bursts should accelerate at most 10−13 M⊙ of ultra-high energy cosmic rays.
Funding Information
  • NASA (NNX16AL44A)
  • EPSCoR (NNX13AD28A)
  • MIRO (NNX15AP95A)
  • NSF (1901296)

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