Sub‐chronic cadmium and lead compound exposure induces reproductive toxicity and development of testicular germ cell neoplasia in situ in murine model: Attenuative effects of resveratrol

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Abstract
Cadmium and lead are widespread, nonbiodegradable heavy metals of perpetual environmental concerns. The present study aimed to evaluate whether sub‐chronic exposure to cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and lead acetate [Pb(CH3COO)2] induces reproductive toxicity and development of testicular germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) in swiss albino mice. The effects of resveratrol to reverse the metal‐induced toxicity were also analyzed. The mice were randomly divided into four groups for metal treatments and two groups received two different doses of each metal, CdCl2(0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) and Pb(CH3COO)2(3 and 6 mg/kg). The fourth group received oral doses of 20 mg/kg resveratrol in combination with 0.5 mg/kg CdCl2or 6 mg/kg Pb(CH3COO)2for 16 weeks. Toxic effects of both metals were estimated qualitatively and quantitatively by the alterations in sperm parameters, oxidative stress markers, testicular histology, and protein expressions of the treated mice. Pronounced perturbation of sperm parameters, cellular redox balance were observed with severe distortion of testicular histo‐architecture in metal exposed mice. Significant overexpression of Akt cascade and testicular GCNIS marker proteins were recorded in tissues treated with CdCl2. Notable improvements were observed in all the evaluated parameters of resveratrol cotreated mice groups. Taken together, the findings of this study showed that long‐term exposure to Cd and Pb compounds, induced acute reproductive toxicity and initiation of GCNIS development in mice. Conversely, resveratrol consumption abrogated metal‐induced perturbation of spermatogenesis, testicular morphology, and the upregulation of Akt cascade proteins along with GCNIS markers, which could have induced the development of testicular cancer.

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