Linking Periodontitis with Inflammatory Bowel Disease through the Oral–Gut Axis: The Potential Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis

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Abstract
Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are both chronic inflammatory diseases that are characterized by abnormal host immune responses and microbiota dysbiosis. Emerging evidence implies potential associations between periodontitis and IBD. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a primary cause of periodontitis, is thought to play a role in the development of IBD through the oral–gut disease axis. However, the precise mechanisms of its involvement remain enigmatic. In this narrative review, we begin with a discussion of the bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and IBD and the involvement of P. gingivalis in each of the two diseases. Further, we summarize the possible routes by which P. gingivalis links periodontitis and IBD through the oral–gut axis, as well as the underlying mechanisms of its involvement in the pathogenesis of IBD. Collectively, P. gingivalis participates in the progression of IBD through gut dysbiosis, impairment of the intestinal barrier, release of inflammatory mediators, and disturbance of the immune response. The above findings may provide new insights for exploring novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic approaches for IBD.
Funding Information
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)
  • National Young Scientist Support Foundation (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)
  • Excellent Young Scientist Foundation of Shandong Province (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)
  • Taishan Young Scientist Project of Shandong Province (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)
  • Periodontitis innovation team of Jinan City (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)
  • Major In-novation Projects in Shandong Province (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)
  • Oral Microbiome Innovation Team of Shandong Province (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)
  • Shandong Province Key Research, Development Program (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)
  • Horizontal Scientific Research Fund of Shandong University (82270980, 82071122, 2019, ZR2021JQ29, 2019, 2021GXRC021, 2021SFGC0502, 2020KJK001, 2021ZDSYS18, ZR2021QH340, 1350022003)

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