DCO+ and DCN 1–0 survey toward a sample of Planck cold clumps

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Abstract
Context. Deuterated molecules can be used to study the physical conditions and astro-chemical evolution of molecular clouds. Aims. Large-sample surveys for deuterated molecules are needed to understand the enhancement of deuterated molecules from diffuse molecular gas to cold cores. Methods. A single-pointing survey toward the 559 Planck cold clumps of the Early Cold Core Catalogue (ECC) was conducted using the Arizona Radio Observatory 12-meter telescope, focusing on the J = 1–0 transitions of DCO+ and DCN. The survey included observations of 309 cores for DCO+ and DCN 1–0 simultaneously, followed by 71 of these cores where DCO+ 1–0 was detected for H13CO+ and H13CN 1–0 simultaneously, aiming to determine the deuterated fraction (Dfrac). Additionally, 250 cores were observed for DCO+, DCN, H13CO+, and H13CN 1–0 simultaneously. Results. DCO+ and DCN 1–0 were detected in 79 and 11 of the 309 sources, with detection rates of 25.6% and 3.6%, respectively. In the 250 sources that were observed for all four species, DCO+, DCN, H13CO+, and H13CN 1–0 were detected in 58, 9, 57, and 13 sources, with a detection rate of 23.2%, 3.6%, 22.8%, and 5.2%, respectively. The Dfrac(HCO+) values in 112 sources range from 0.89% to 7.4%, with a median value of 3.1%, while Dfrac(HCN) values in 11 sources range from 1.5% to 5.5%, with a median value of 2.3%. The line widths of the DCO+ and H13CO+ 1–0 detections are mostly within 1 km s−1. Conclusions. The similarity in Dfrac values between HCO+ and HCN indicates that the higher detection rate of DCO+ 1–0 compared with DCN 1–0 is due to the lower critical density of DCO+ 1–0. We suggest that the enhancement of DCO+ and DCN likely begins in the early diffuse stage of the molecular cloud and not during the cold-core formation stage.
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Funding Information
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFA1608204)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12173067)
  • Guangxi Talent Programme
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (11988101)

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