Hospital Waste Management Readiness in Urban Bangladesh: A Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Assessment

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Abstract
Healthcare waste (HCW) management is a critical determinant of occupational safety, infection control, and environmental protection, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. Using the knowledge–attitude–practice (KAP) framework, this study assessed cognitive, behavioral, and institutional dimensions of HCW management among healthcare workers in urban Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 342 cleaners and nurses in hospitals in the Chattogram Metropolitan Area (CMA) and Cumilla City Corporation (CuCC). Marked disparities were observed across professional groups. Training coverage was significantly lower among nurses than cleaners in CMA (22.5% vs. 48.7%; p = 0.002), whereas in CuCC nurses showed higher coverage (69.0% vs. 52.3%; p < 0.01). Knowledge of color-coded waste segregation was generally inadequate, with only 39.3% of CMA cleaners correctly identifying pharmaceutical waste bins compared with 60.0% of nurses (p < 0.01); CuCC nurses demonstrated substantially higher awareness (82.8%). Attitudinal indicators favored nurses, with strong hygiene and environmental risk awareness (95–100%) compared with cleaners (66–87.3%; p < 0.001). Despite this, compliance with segregation practices remained low across both sites (<30%). Several institutional support indicators were more favorable among nurses, particularly in CuCC. These findings indicate a significant knowledge–practice gap, emphasizing that effective HCW management requires not only training but also strengthened institutional structures and enforcement mechanisms to reduce public health and environmental risks.

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