Opposing roles of acid phosphatase 1 (ACP1) and ACP3 in prostate cancer progression

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Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the roles of intracellular acid phosphatase 1 (ACP1) and ACP3 expression as biomarkers of prostate cancer progression through a systematic review and meta‐analysis assessing associations with disease presence, tumour aggressiveness, and patient prognosis. Patients and Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to assess the associations between ACP1 and ACP3 expression and clinical outcomes, including disease presence, Gleason grade, tumour stage, lymph node involvement, and patient survival in prostate cancer. Results: Prostate cancer tissues showed reduced ACP3 expression (odds ratio [OR] 0.30, P = 0.006), and low intracellular ACP3 expression was associated with higher Gleason grade (OR 0.44, P = 0.031), advanced tumour stage, lymph node involvement, and poorer survival. In contrast, preliminary evidence from a limited number of studies indicated that patients more frequently showed elevated ACP1 expression (hazard ratio [HR] 2.24, P < 0.001), which correlated with aggressive pathological features, including high Gleason grade (HR 3.75, P < 0.001), advanced stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor patient survival. Conclusion: Acid phosphatase 3 functions as a favourable prognostic biomarker, whereas ACP1 acts as a potential negative prognostic indicator in prostate cancer. Further research is warranted to elucidate their divergent roles and support their utility in biomarker‐driven risk stratification and precision oncology.
Funding Information
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2024/22874‐7)
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (303350/2022‐9)

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