Valorization Potential of the Invasive Plant Leucaena leucocephala in Arid Algerian Ecosystems: Phytochemical Composition, Potent Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Photoprotective Activities

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Abstract
Leucaena leucocephala , a well‐known invasive species, possesses significant yet underexplored phytochemical potential. This study investigated how its chemical composition contributes to adaptation in arid environments and provides opportunities for valorization. Methanolic extracts from the plant parts (roots, leaves, pods, seeds, and flowers) collected in Algeria were assessed for their phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content, as well as for their antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, and photoprotective activities. Seeds exhibited the highest phenolic content (197.26 ± 1.90 μg GAE/mg), while roots were richest in tannins and flavonoids. Notably, strong antioxidant activity was recorded in seeds and leaves (IC 50 : 3.54 ± 0.05 and 3.61 ± 0.05 μg/mL). Roots displayed a high SPF value of 26.40, and both seed and flower extracts showed significant antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Correlation analyses highlighted a strong positive relationship between tannins and SPF ( R 2 = 0.92) and a negative correlation between phenolics and DPPH° activity ( R 2 = −0.84). LC‐MS analysis identified 13 key polyphenols, with pods and leaves being particularly rich in compounds like vanillin and gallic acid. These findings underscore L. leucocephala 's potential for sustainable use in health and cosmetic industries.

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