Structural neuroimaging biomarkers for obsessive-compulsive disorder in the ENIGMA-OCD consortium: medication matters

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Abstract
No diagnostic biomarkers are available for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Here, we aimed to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers for OCD, using 46 data sets with 2304 OCD patients and 2068 healthy controls from the ENIGMA consortium. We performed machine learning analysis of regional measures of cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume and tested classification performance using cross-validation. Classification performance for OCD vs. controls using the complete sample with different classifiers and cross-validation strategies was poor. When models were validated on data from other sites, model performance did not exceed chance-level. In contrast, fair classification performance was achieved when patients were grouped according to their medication status. These results indicate that medication use is associated with substantial differences in brain anatomy that are widely distributed, and indicate that clinical heterogeneity contributes to the poor performance of structural MRI as a disease marker.
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Funding Information
  • MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18K15523, 16K04344, 19K03309, 26461762, 16K19778, 18K07608)
  • Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI14/00419, PI040829, FI17/00294, CPII16/00048, PI13/01958, PI16/00889)
  • Alberta Innovates
  • Ontario Brain Institute
  • Hartmann Müller-Stiftung für Medizinische Forschung (1460)
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (K23-MH09239, R01 MH107419, K23MH082176, K23 MH115206, R21MH101441, R21MH093889, R01 MH081864, R21MH093889)
  • National Science Foundation of China | National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Joint Fund (81560233)
  • Dana Foundation
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health
  • International OCD Foundation
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health
  • Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (27023)
  • Jacobs Foundation (2017-1261-04)
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2011/21357-9)
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21/DA046029, R21/DA045218)
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse
  • Michael Smith Health Research BC
  • Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt (BMBF-01GW0724)
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KO 3744/7-1)
  • Helse Vest (911754, 911880)
  • National Research Foundation
  • Fundació la Marató de TV3 (01/2010, 091710)
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health
  • Wellcome Trust
  • South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (064846)
  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (22591262, 25461732, 16K10253)
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health
  • Ministero della Salute (RC13-14-15-16-17-18A, RC13-14-15-16-17-18A, RC13-14-15-16-17-18A)
  • Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (1140764)
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health
  • Provincial Health Services Authority
  • DBT India Alliance (500236/Z/11/Z)
  • Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (916.86.036)
  • Hersenstichting (2010(1)-50)
  • ZonMw (917.15.318)

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