Morphological and Molecular Analysis Identified a Subspecies of Crassostrea ariakensis (Fujita, 1913) along the Coast of Asia

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Abstract
Crassostrea ariakensis (Fujita, 1913) is one of the most important economic and ecological oysters that is naturally distributed along the coast of Asia, separated by the Yangtze River estuary. They are usually compared as different populations, while there is no consensus on whether C. ariakensis in northern and southern areas should be considered as two species or subspecies. Here, we analyzed morphological characteristics, COI, 16s rRNA, mitogenome sequences, and species delimitation analysis (ASAP and PTP) to resolve the intraspecific taxonomic status of the C. ariakensis. Phylogenetic and ASAP analysis highlight that C. ariakensis was divided into N-type and S-type. PTP was unable to differentiate between the two types of C. ariakensis. The divergence time of N-type and S-type C. ariakinsis is estimated to be 1.6 Mya, using the relaxed uncorrelated lognormal clock method. Additionally, significant morphological differences exist between the two groups in terms of the adductor muscle scar color. Despite these differences, the COI (0.6%) and 16S rRNA (0.6%) genetic distance differences between N-type and S-type C. ariakensis has not yet reached the interspecific level. These results suggest that N-type and S-type C. ariakensis should be treated as different subspecies and renamed as C. ariakensis ariakensis subsp. nov and C. ariakensis meridioyangtzensis subsp. nov.
Funding Information
  • National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD2401301, 2022FY100304, 2023YFD2400800, 42076092, 41776179, XDB42000000, CARS-47, 2023CXGC010411)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (2022YFD2401301, 2022FY100304, 2023YFD2400800, 42076092, 41776179, XDB42000000, CARS-47, 2023CXGC010411)
  • Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2022YFD2401301, 2022FY100304, 2023YFD2400800, 42076092, 41776179, XDB42000000, CARS-47, 2023CXGC010411)
  • Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (2022YFD2401301, 2022FY100304, 2023YFD2400800, 42076092, 41776179, XDB42000000, CARS-47, 2023CXGC010411)
  • Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China (2022YFD2401301, 2022FY100304, 2023YFD2400800, 42076092, 41776179, XDB42000000, CARS-47, 2023CXGC010411)

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