Recent Advances in Anticancer Activity of Gold(I) Complexes

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Abstract
The clinical success of cisplatin has significantly spurred the exploration of new organometallic complexes in oncology. In this quest, repurposing of auranofin as an anticancer agent has diverted the research interest from platinum to gold complexes, as gold offers unique chemical features; among them, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibition is one of the most extensively studied anticancer pathways. In this study, we have compiled the major ligand modifications reported for gold(I) complexes and categorized them into various groups, which include sulfur-based ligands, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ligands, carbon-derived ligands, and N-heterocyclic carbene-based ligands. Also, a few structurally distinct ligands, including propargyl-, allene-, tricarbene-, and urea-functionalized NHC frameworks, have further extended structural diversity and functional potential. The in vitro evaluation of these newly synthesized gold complexes against various cancer cell lines exhibited enhanced biological potential compared to conventional metal complexes. Comparative evaluation of the reported cytotoxicity data revealed distinct structure–activity relationships among different ligand classes, with phosphine-carbon donor and bis-NHC frameworks emerging as the most promising ligand for achieving potent anticancer activity, highlighting the critical role of ligand design in modulating anticancer activity. In addition, the use of bioactive pharmacophores derived from natural products and active pharmaceuticals has emerged as a promising design strategy for developing multitarget gold(I) complexes with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Among the reviewed compounds, complex 68 containing a bis-NHC ligand exhibited the highest potency against HL-60 leukemia cells (GI50 = 0.017 μM), while complex 49 bearing a carbon-donor ligand demonstrated remarkable activity against A549 lung cancer cells (IC50 = 0.02 μM). Several other gold(I) complexes also exhibited submicromolar activity against diverse cancer cell lines, further emphasizing the importance of rational ligand engineering in enhancing anticancer efficacy. Collectively, gold(I) complexes have emerged as a promising class of anticancer agents, and the comparative evaluation presented herein provides a valuable framework for identifying potent ligand scaffolds and guiding the rational development of next-generation gold-based therapeutics. Future advances in ligand engineering may facilitate targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and multi-mechanistic therapeutic strategies to overcome toxicity and drug resistance while enhancing therapeutic efficacy.

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