Examination on the Influence Area of Transit-Oriented Development: Considering Multimodal Accessibility in New Delhi, India

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Abstract
As Indian cities adopt the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD), concerns have arisen regarding the applicability of TOD standards formulated in developed countries in the Indian context. This study aims to estimate the TOD influence areas in New Delhi by examining the last mile connectivity patterns of passengers on the Delhi Metro Railway (DMR). Questionnaire surveys conducted on the last mile connectivity reveals use of various access modes for metro stations in India, although current research only considers walking and cycling to be universal forms of access. Therefore, this study focuses on the DMR’s multimodal accessibility to investigate the last mile distance of each mode. In order to offset the rounding errors of reported distance, a heaping model and multiple imputation (MI) were employed to improve the accuracy of the reported distance. Afterward, distance decay analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the thresholds of last mile distances. The findings show that the influence area differs across travel modes and increases in the order of walking, informal transit, buses, and private transport, respectively.

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