Bioelectrical impedance parameters are not clinical impacted by oral fluid intake and urinary voiding

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Abstract
Background : Body composition measurement is an integral part of estimating nutritional status according to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is suggested for measuring body composition. This study mimicked the BIA potential use in the everyday clinic. In the practical clinical setting, there is not always the possibility to adopt a strict protocol such as drinking a glass of water or voiding immediately before measurement for all patients. Aim : To investigate the effect of oral fluid intake and voiding on body composition measurements using a multi-frequency BIA device. Methods : This was a single-centre intervention crossover study. Body composition was measured four times in healthy adults: one prior to oral fluid intake and urinary voiding, twice immediately after voiding, and once 15 minutes after drinking 500 ml tap water. The main parameters were body weight, whole-body resistance (R, ohm), capacitive reactance (X C ), and phase angle (PhA, o ). Results : We examined 31 healthy adults with a mean age of 34 (SD = 12) years; height, 173 (SD = 9) cm; body weight, 76.8 (SD = 18) kg; the baseline mean BIA outcomes were R 597 (SD = 88) ohm, X C 59 (SD = 8) ohm and PhA 5.7 (SD = 0.7) . Oral fluid intake increased all BIA outcomes compared to baseline, i.e., with R 4.71 (SD = 7.17) ohm, p = 0.001; X C with 0.73 (SD = 1.07) ohm, p = 0.001; PhA with 0.12 (SD = 0,52), p == 0.199, fat mass (FM) with 0.26 (SD = 0.57) kg, p = 0.008 and fat-free-mass (FFM) 0.08 (SD = 0.42) kg, p = 0.423. After urinary voiding the BIA outcomes decreased with R 3.52 (SD= 3.94) ohm, p = 0.000; X C 0.38 (SD = 0.91) ohm, p = 0.029, and PhA 0.03 (SD = 0.17) . Conclusions : Oral fluid intake and urinary voiding have detectable effects on BIA outcomes but that the magnitude of these effects is small, and hence, in most cases, may be ignored in routine clinical practice.

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