Biodiversity of Actinomycetes and Their Secondary Metabolites: A Comprehensive Review

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Abstract
Background: Among prokaryotes, Actinomycetes are one of the most explored microorganism due to their capability of novel bioactive secondary metabolites production. Actinomycetes secondary metabolites are known for their role in different cellular, physiological and biological processes. Main body: Actinomycetes are most widely distributed in natural ecosystem habitats such as soil, hypersaline soil, rhizosphere soil, freshwater, limestone, volcanic cave, marine sediments, sponges, and desert. Actinomycetes bioactive secondary metabolites most important features are that they have specific microbial producers, diverse bioactivities and unique chemical structures. Some important antibiotics produced by actinomycetes are actinomycetin, mycetin, micromonosporin and from actinomyces are lysozyme, actinomycin, streptothricin, proactinomycin and streptomycin. These antibiotics differ greatly in their structure, antimicrobial and toxicity properties. Actinomycetes secondary metabolites include spirotetronate, quinones, lactams, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, diketones, aromatic ketones, ansamycin, glycopeptides, lactones, Tetracenediones, anthracyclines, macrolides, fattiviracins, polyenes and tetracyclines, natural polycyclic polyketide. Conclusion: This review study summarized that Actinomycetes are naturally distributed species found in diverse environments. It is assumed that actinomycetes species found in extreme conditions have the capability to produce novel bioactive secondary metabolites that remain unexplored yet.

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