Anopheles bionomics, insecticide resistance mechanisms and malaria transmission in the Korhogo area, northern Côte d’Ivoire: a pre-intervention study

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Abstract
Background: A better understanding of malaria transmission at a local scale is essential for developing and implementing effective control strategies. In the frame of a randomized control trial, we aimed to provide an updated description of malaria transmission in the Korhogo area, northern Côte d’Ivoire, and to get baseline data for the trial. Methods: We performed Human Landing Collections in 26 villages in the Korhogo area during the rainy season (September-October 2016, April-May 2017) and the dry season (November-December 2016, February-March 2017). We used Polymerase chain reaction techniques to ascertain the species of the An. gambiae complex, Plasmodium sp sporozoite infection and insecticide resistance mechanisms in a subset of Anopheles vectors. Results: Anopheles gambiae s.l . was the predominant malaria vector in the Korhogo area. Overall, more vectors were collected outdoors than indoors (P < 0.001). Of the 774 An. gambiae s.l . tested in the laboratory, 89.65% were An. gambiae s.s . and 10.35% were An. coluzzii . The frequencies of the kdr allele were very high in An. gambiae s.s . but the ace-1 allele was found at moderate frequencies. An unprotected individual living in the Korhogo area received an average of 9.04, 0.63, 0.06 and 0.12 infected bites per night in September-October, November-December, February-March, and April-May, respectively. Conclusions: The intensity of malaria transmission is extremely high in the Korhogo area, especially during the rainy season. Malaria control in highly endemic areas such as Korhogo needs to be strengthened with complementary tools in order to reduce the burden of the disease.
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