Torrent rainfall-induced large-scale karst limestone slope collapse at Khanh waterfall, Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam

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Abstract
In recent years, many landslides have occurred in Vietnam, particularly in the Northern mountainous region during the rainy season from May to October. On the morning of October 12, 2017, the Khanh waterfall landslide in Khanh Village, Hoa Binh Province, Northern Vietnam occurred. The landslide killed eighteen people and destroyed five houses. Topographical and geological surveys were conducted around the area to determine its causes. The rainfall data and flow discharge were also analyzed. The results showed that this collapse was different from some previous ones collapsed due to the erosion at the toe of the slope. Khanh waterfall landslide occurred due to the increasing amount of water in cracks and caves in the limestone layer in the slope. The collapse process was simulated based on Coulomb mixture theory. The numerical simulation results show similarities with the actual collapse process. The results provide indicators for assessing the risk of such limestone waterfall landslides in the future.

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