Direct exfoliation of the anode graphite of used Li-ion batteries into few-layer graphene sheets: a green and high yield route to high-quality graphene preparation

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Abstract
Recycling anode graphite remains a significant barrier to the recovery of used Li-ion batteries. In this study, we show that anode graphite in used lithium-ion batteries is a cheap and ideal candidate for the high yield production of high-quality graphene. Attributed to the reduced interlayer force after repeated charge–discharge cycles, the sonication assisted exfoliation efficiency of the used anode graphite can be 3 to 11 times that of natural graphite, with a highest mass yield of the dispersed graphene sheets of ∼40 wt%. Importantly, the layer numbers of most of the exfoliated graphene sheets are 1–4 , and their lateral sizes are over 1 μm. Their conductivity after annealing at moderate temperature (500 °C) is up to 9100 S m−1, and their potential application in conductive ink was also demonstrated.
Funding Information
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21676198)

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