Associations Between Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Alzheimer Disease, and Dementia

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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) are both neurodegenerative diseases strongly associated with increased age.1,2 The diseases share environmental risk factors, including cigarette smoking, systemic hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia, as well as histopathologic features, particularly the deposition of amyloid-β in ocular drusen and senile plaques.3 In addition, oxidative stress, inflammation, and complement activation are thought to be implicated in both diseases.1,2 By contrast, the genetic risk factors for AMD and AD seem to be distinct.3,4

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