Recent Advances in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Techniques and Outcomes: A Narrative Review

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Abstract
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has witnessed remarkable progress in recent years, driven by innovative techniques and refined approaches that have transformed patient outcomes and treatment paradigms. This review article comprehensively explores the latest advances in CABG techniques and their consequential impacts on patient outcomes. The advent of minimally invasive CABG techniques has revolutionized traditional surgical approaches. Robotic-assisted surgery and small thoracotomy methods offer reduced invasiveness, yielding shorter recovery times and improved patient satisfaction. Integrating CABG with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), hybrid procedures have emerged as a versatile strategy, providing tailored treatment solutions for complex coronary anatomies. The paradigm shift to off-pump CABG, which preserves the beating heart during surgery, has shown promise in reducing perioperative complications and neurocognitive deficits. Advances in graft selection, particularly the utilization of arterial grafts such as the internal thoracic artery and radial artery, have significantly enhanced graft patency rates and long-term survival. Adjunctive technologies, such as intraoperative imaging and graft flow assessment, have bolstered the precision of CABG procedures. Pharmacological agents have demonstrated their potential to improve graft outcomes. Surgical decision-making is now optimized based on patient characteristics and disease severity owing to the development of patient selection and risk stratification tools. Long-term results have also significantly improved. Patients undergoing CABG have higher survival rates, less angina, and better quality of life. Developing more resilient grafts through tissue engineering, using bioresorbable materials in graft fabrication, and using gene therapy to improve graft patency and overall cardiac recovery are all exciting future research directions. This review's summary of current developments in CABG procedures highlights their profoundly positive effects on patient outcomes. These developments can change the face of cardiovascular care by giving clinicians more tools to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) and enhance patients' quality of life.

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