BugBook: Critical considerations for evaluating and applying insect frass

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Abstract
Insect frass is one of the most abundant products in the insect industry, regardless of the farmed species. Rich in organic matter and plant nutrients, frass is a promising organic amendment that can be used in agriculture. While many benefits and challenges have been reported, several knowledge gaps remain unanswered, regarding the specific characteristics and mechanisms of its effects on soils and plants, particularly in terms of the processes driving these effects and interactions. This article aims to discuss recent research on frass and identify existing knowledge gaps, and propose strategies to improve research methodologies, increase comparability across studies, and generate more robust results. The topics covered include the evaluation of frass effects on soil physical properties, microbiological dynamics and fertility, as well as its effects on plant growth, development, and metabolism. The article also explores the potential of frass as an antimicrobial agent and highlights the need for stabilising and improving its quality and safety before it is used in agricultural activities. Looking forward, insect frass holds great promise as a sustainable input for agriculture, food production, and feed systems.

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