Agentic Laboratories of the Future: Towards World Models for Scientific Discovery

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Abstract
Advances in scientific AI have accelerated hypothesis generation, prediction, and experimental design, but translating these capabilities into reliable physical experimentation remains a major bottleneck in scientific discovery. Although automation, high-throughput experimentation, foundation models, and cloud infrastructure have accelerated individual stages of the scientific workflow, they have not unified the discovery process. Scientists must still coordinate between computational models and physical laboratory systems to translate scientific designs into executable experiments and ensure their results are reliable. We argue that the next generation of laboratories will be agentic: environments in which scientists, AI systems, equipment and robotic platforms operate as collaborative discovery partners. We propose an architecture built around two complementary components: an agentic foundation that translates scientific designs into coordinated execution plans, and an evolving laboratory world model that represents physical state, predicts action outcomes, and incorporates experimental feedback. Together, they connect computational reasoning to observable and verifiable physical execution. Multimodal perception, robotics, and human–AI interfaces can make laboratory actions and evolving experimental conditions accessible to these systems, supporting adaptive execution and learning. We further propose an evaluation framework centered on physical grounding, execution fidelity, scientific validity, and adaptive coordination under human oversight, rather than autonomy alone. This Perspective outlines how agentic laboratories could connect scientific reasoning, physical experimentation, and trustworthy evidence within a human-in-the-lead discovery loop.

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