Advanced Adrenocortical Carcinoma (ACC): a Review with Focus on Second-Line Therapies

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Abstract
Advanced adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare, highly aggressive malignancy, which typically has a poor prognosis. In advanced ACC, the overall trend is toward a short PFS interval following first-line systemic therapy, highlighting a clear need for improved second-/third-line treatment strategies. We conducted a review of the literature and relevant scientific guidelines related to systemic therapy for advanced ACC. Public indexes including PubMed/MEDLINE were searched. Treatment selection in the second-line setting is based on small phase 2 trials, case reports, and pre-clinical evidence. The best data available for initial second-line therapy selection supports the use of gemcitabine and capecitabine (G + C) or streptozotocin (S), both with or without mitotane. G + C is becoming increasingly recommended based on phase 2 clinical trial data in patients of good PS, due to the inferred superior PFS and OS from non-comparative trials. Alternatively, streptozotocin was better tolerated than EDP + M in the FIRM-ACT study and remains an option when warranted. Beyond this, further treatment approaches should be tailored to individual patient characteristics, utilizing a mixture of systemic therapies, local therapies, and enrolment in clinical trials where available. Additionally, the role of molecular stratification, predictive biomarkers, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in specific individuals, such as Lynch syndrome, is evolving and may become increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Advanced ACC necessitates a multidisciplinary approach and is best managed in a specialist center. Although there is no one definitive second-line treatment strategy, there are some favorable approaches, which require further validation in larger clinical trials.

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