Impact of strategies to improve flow and lower hospital admissions for low back pain in the emergency department: an interrupted time-series analysis

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Abstract
Background Low back pain (LBP) is a common, disabling condition that often results in presentation to the emergency department (ED). There is currently a paucity of research examining how to optimise care for this patient group and concurrently improve service efficiency. We assessed the impact of a suite of co-designed strategies to improve the flow and reduce admission rate of people with LBP presenting to the ED. Methods A quasi-experimental implementation science study in a 30-bed ED at an Australian tertiary referral hospital. We implemented four improvement strategies: (1) co-design and development of a local ED guideline, (2) patient handout, (3) clinician education programme and (4) rapid-access physiotherapy follow-up clinic. We included all ED presentations from patients ≥16 years old, with a final diagnosis of LBP. Using an interrupted time series analysis, we compared a pre-implementation phase (July 2014–December 2019), a transition phase (July 2020–February 2021) and a post implementation phase (March 2021–November 2021). Our primary outcome was the proportion of patients admitted to hospital, in each phase. Secondary outcomes included ED length of stay (LOS), ED presentation cost, re-presentations within five days, admission LOS and outcome measures for those patients who attended the rapid-access physiotherapy clinic. Results There were 5301 LBP presentations pre-implementation, 752 during transition and 732 post implementation. The mean age of patients was 50.3 (20.1) years, 53% were female and 6.5% identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. We observed a small reduction (2%) in the proportion of admissions per month (post implementation vs pre-implementation slope difference 0.98 ((95% CI 0.928 to 1.035), p=0.467) and a monthly decrease of 1.5 min in the average ED LOS for these patients (post implementation vs pre-implementation slope difference −1.5 ((95% CI −8.1 to 5.1), p=0.653) which was not statistically significant. 121 patients were referred to the follow-up physiotherapy clinic, and 41% attended an appointment. Conclusion The improvement strategies did not significantly reduce admissions or LOS for people with LBP presenting to the ED, and based on the CIs, we cannot exclude that these increased.
Funding Information
  • Hunter New England Local Health District (Improvement Grant)

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