Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor in man

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Abstract
For more than three decades, acetaminophen (INN, paracetamol) has been claimed to be devoid of significant inhibition of peripheral prostanoids. Meanwhile, attempts to explain its action by inhibition of a central cyclooxygenase (COX)‐3 have been rejected. The fact that acetaminophen acts functionally as a selective COX‐2 inhibitor led us to investigate the hypothesis of whether it works via preferential COX‐2 blockade. Ex vivo COX inhibition and pharma‐cokinetics of acetaminophen were assessed in 5 volunteers receiving single 1000 mg doses orally. Coagulation‐induced thromboxane B 2 and lipopolysaccharide‐induced prostaglandin E 2 were measured ex vivo and in vitro in human whole blood as indices of COX‐1 and COX‐2 activity. In vitro , acetaminophen elicited a 4.4‐fold selectivity toward COX‐2 inhibition (IC 50 = 113.7 μmol/L for COX‐1;IC 50 = 25.8 μmol/L for COX‐2). Following oral administration of the drug, maximal ex vivo inhibitions were 56% (COX‐1) and 83% (COX‐2). Acetaminophen plasma concentrations remained above the in vitro IC 50 for COX‐2 for at least 5 h postadministration. Ex vivo IC 50 values (COX‐1: 105.2 μmol/L; COX‐2: 26.3 μmol/L) of acetaminophen compared favorably with its in vitro IC 50 values. In contrast to previous concepts, acetaminophen inhibited COX‐2 by more than 80%, i.e. , to a degree comparable to nonste‐roidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX‐2 inhibitors. However, a >95% COX‐1 blockade relevant for suppression of platelet function was not achieved. Our data may explain acetaminophen's analgesic and antiinflammatory action as well as its superior overall gastrointestinal safety profile compared with NSAIDs. In view of its substantial COX‐2 inhibition, recently defined cardiovascular warnings for use of COX‐2 inhibitors should also be considered for acetaminophen.—Hinz, B., Cheremina, O., Brune, K. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor in man. FASEB J. 22, 383–390 (2007)

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