New Trends in Composite Coagulants for Water and Wastewater Treatment

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Abstract
Coagulation/Flocculation (C/F) process aims to efficiently eliminate turbidity, TSS, COD, BOD, toxic metals, phosphates, and UV254nm from wastewater. Both natural and synthetic coagulants, used alone or in conjunction with flocculants, play crucial roles in this treatment. This review summarizes recent trends in coagulants for wastewater treatment, highlighting a wide array of inorganic and organic coagulants that have demonstrated significant efficacy based on reviewed studies. Notably, Crab Shell Bio-Coagulant (CS) excels in turbidity remov5al, achieving a remarkable 98.91% removal rate, while oak leaves protein shows superior performance in TSS and COD removal. Synthetic inorganic coagulants like PALS, PSiFAC1.5:10:15, and PAPEFAC1.5-10-15 demonstrate outstanding turbidity removal rates, over 96%. POFC-2 coagulant stands out for efficiently removing TSS and COD from domestic wastewater, achieving up to 93% removal for TSS and 89% for COD. Moreover, the utilization of FeCl3 as an inorganic coagulant alongside chitosan as an organic flocculant shows promise in reducing turbidity, COD, and polyphenols in wastewater from vegetable oil refineries. PE-2, a novel organic coagulant, demonstrates exceptional efficacy in eliminating turbidity, TSS, COD, and BOD from sugar industry wastewater. Chitosan shows effectiveness in removing TOC and orthophosphates in brewery wastewater. Additionally, CTAB shows high efficiency in removing various toxic metal ions from wastewater. The hybrid coagulants: PAAP0.1,0.5 and PPAZF accomplish exceptional turbidity removal rates, approximately 98%.

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