Naturalness and Tree Composition Determine the Abundance of Rare and Threatened Orchids in Mature and Old-Growth Abies alba Forests in the Northern Apennines (Italy)

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Abstract
Forest Orchidaceae are important for European temperate forests, yet their distribution and abundance have so far interested limited research. In three pure or mixed silver fir stands in the Foreste Casentinesi National Park (NP) (Northern Apennines, Italy) we analysed how structural traits in mature and old-growth forests affected orchid communities in terms of abundance of the main genera, trophic strategy and rarity in the NP. We established three 20x60 m plots to quantify the structure of living and dead tree communities, including a set of old-growth attributes connected to large trees, deadwood, and established regeneration. In each plot, we measured the abundance of all orchid species and explored their behaviour according to trophic strategy (autotrophy/mixotrophy, obligate mycoheterotrophy), rarity within the NP, and threatened status according to the IUCN Red List. We used multivariate ordination and classification techniques to assess plot similarities according to forest structure and orchid communities and identify the main structural factors related to orchid community features. The main structural factors were used as predictors of orchid community traits. Forest composition (i.e. the dominance/abundance of silver fir) affected the presence of the main orchid genera: Epipactis were abundant in silver fir-dominated forests, Cephalanthera in mixed beech-fir forests. Interestingly, Cephalanthera could become limited even in beech-dominated conditions if fir regeneration was abundant and established. Old-growth attributes like the density of deadwood and large tree volume were important determinants of the presence of rare and mycoheterotrophic species. Our results provided a first quantitative description of forest reference conditions to be used in the protection and restoration of threatened and rare orchid species.
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