Signal peptides for optimalization secretion of recombinant protein: An innovation to produce bone morphogenetic protein-2 in mesenchymal stem cells

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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a protein or growth factor that plays an important role in osteogenic differentiation. Recently, there is an increasing demand for BMP-2, as it is the only osteoinductive growth factor approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a substitute for bone grafts. However, recombinant BMP-2 production suffers from low production yields and changes in the biological function of the protein due to the low efficiency of translocation in production hosts. One of the key regulators that influences the efficiency of protein translocation is the signal peptide (SP). SP regulates the process of post-translational protein modification, which determines the fate of the synthesized protein. This literature review aims to explore the role of SP in the process of recombinant protein production in mammalian cells and the utilization of SP in BMP-2 production in the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The production of recombinant proteins in the MSC secretome is expected to be an innovative therapy because it combines the positive effects of the secretome and BMP-2 together for bone healing.