Species Richness Gradients Vary Across Phylogenetic Scales

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Abstract
Aim: To determine how species richness gradients—commonly considered universal—vary across the phylogenetic hierarchy of birds and mammals, and to uncover how clade age and size predetermine the gradients. Location: Global. Time Period: Last 120 million years. Taxa Studied: Birds and mammals (~15,000 species). Methods: We used large‐scale phylogenies of birds and mammals and captured the species richness gradient for each of their monophyletic clades. Gradient strength was quantified with respect to latitude, environmental productivity and temperature using multiple measures (raw slopes, log transformation, log–log transformation, and correlations). To distinguish statistical from biological effects, we compared the observed gradients to those generated by null models that randomly reassigned species to clades while preserving the phylogeny and species distributions. Results: Species richness gradients show considerable variation. Small and young clades exhibited inconsistent gradients—including reverse or flat gradients—while older and larger clades converged on steep, consistent gradients. Even moderately large clades (~500 species) commonly displayed reverse gradients. Null models replicated this trend but only partially, implying that biological effects also drive gradient variation. These phylogenetic trends were sensitive to the choice of gradient measure: raw slopes frequently inflated the strength of this trend and the apparent differences among clades, while log and log–log transformations revealed only moderate trends. Main Conclusions: Species richness gradients are not universal, nor are they phylogenetic scale‐invariant. Instead, they follow systematic trends across the phylogenetic hierarchy. Young, small clades often bear signatures of their region of origin and historical dispersal, whereas older, larger clades converge on similar gradients. Recognising the variation and the phylogenetic trends within it elucidates the formation of biodiversity patterns. We offer guidelines for choosing gradient measures, arguing that multiple metrics, combined with careful use of null models, are necessary for a nuanced understanding of how, and why, global biodiversity patterns diverge from the presumed universal gradients.
Funding Information
  • Grantová Agentura České Republiky (23‐05977S)
  • Grantová Agentura České Republiky (20‐29554X)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (315230_197753)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (P500PB_206815)
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (202548816)
  • Deutsches Zentrum für integrative Biodiversitätsforschung Halle-Jena-Leipzig (DFG FZT 118)

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