Novel Risk Loci in Tinnitus and Causal Inference With Neuropsychiatric Disorders Among Adults of European Ancestry

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Abstract
Tinnitus, defined as the subjective perception of sound in the absence of an external stimulus, is reported as occurring almost always or at least once per day by 16 million US adults.1,2 Although injury to the cochlear sensorineural organ may initiate tinnitus, animal models and neural imaging point toward intracranial generation through increased neural firing rates, enhanced neural synchrony, and central auditory pathway neuroplasticity.3 Human neuroimaging studies, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), reveal aberrant activity in auditory networks, as well as increased connectivity in the brainstem, cerebellum, and other regions, including areas of attention, memory, and emotional processing.4 At present, there is no objective biomarker for the diagnosis of tinnitus or a definitive cure.

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