Prussian blue regulates ion dynamics in perovskite solar cells

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Abstract
Perovskite photovoltaics are limited by structural instabilities initiated during crystallization and amplified under operation. We report that a lattice-matched Prussian blue scaffold directs heterogeneous nucleation to produce highly oriented, strain-relaxed films. Its redox-active Fe–C≡N–Fe network mediates the conversion of Pb 0 and I 0 defects, and its rigid open framework suppresses A-site cation redistribution and the resulting electronic inhomogeneity under bias. This strategy yielded champion power conversion efficiencies of 26.1% (n-i-p) and 26.9% (p-i-n; 26.2% certified), scaling to 23.4% in 6-centimeter–by–6-centimeter minimodules and a certified 22.9% in 30-centimeter–by–30-centimeter submodules. Submodules with initial power conversion efficiencies ranging from 20.2 to 21.0% showed robust durability under accelerated aging and no discernible decline relative to a silicon reference over 5 months of outdoor testing.
Funding Information
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (22075238)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (U23B20153)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (U23A20138)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (22202082)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (52536005)
  • Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China (2023M741398)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (21626329)
  • National Key R&D Program of China (2024YFB4607600)
  • National Key R&D Program of China (2024YFB3817305)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (2023J06009)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (2025J011513)
  • Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022B1515120006)
  • Science and Technology Projects of Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (RD2022040601)
  • Science and Technology Projects of Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (RD2020020101)
  • Independent Innovation Research Program of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University (DJXJCZX2026-01)

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