Multicriteria Optimization of Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Blended Cement with Ceramic, Marble, and Red Brick Waste Powders for Sustainable and Durable Concrete

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Abstract
The recycling of construction and demolition waste in concrete composites is becoming increasingly significant for mitigating environmental impacts and enhancing resource efficiency while also providing accessible, cost-effective, and beneficial materials for sustainable construction. This study examines the synergistic effects of composite waste powders on the microstructural, mechanical, thermodurability, and sustainability characteristics of the concrete utilizing multibinder systems, which include portland cement (PC), ceramic waste powder (CWP), marble waste powder (MWP) and red brick waste powder (RBWP). Twenty-seven concrete mixtures were formulated, adhering to a consistent water-to-binder ratio of 0.38 and a total binder content of 450    kg / m 3 . The control contained only PC as the binder, whereas the other mixtures included binary, ternary, and quaternary cementitious waste blends of PC–CWP–MWP–RBWP to assess their collective impact on the concrete performance. Additionally, the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) and desirability function optimization were employed to ascertain the ideal concrete mixture, guaranteeing a balance among the mechanical performance, durability, and sustainability. The findings of the experimental study indicated that incorporating up to 10% CWP or MWP enhanced the compressive and flexural strengths owing to the pozzolanic and filler effects; however, elevated RBWP concentration markedly diminished the strength. The thermal conductivity improved by as much as 36.9% in quaternary mixtures, signifying improved insulation. The sorptivity index decreased by 11.9% with CWP and MWP, but it increased by 31.7% with RBWP due to its higher porosity. The carbon footprint ( CO 2 emissions) decreased about 13.9% in binary mixtures and up to 33.1% in quaternary systems, with CWP demonstrating the most significant effect. The MCDM suggests that a concrete mixture with 20% CWP is the best concrete mix since it provides the highest overall score with 0.621 based on their strength, durability, thermal conductivity, and sustainability properties.

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