Thermal expansion of skutterudites

The current paper gives an overview of the newly obtained thermal expansion coefficients of skutterudites as well as those so far available in literature. Thermal expansion was determined for ${\text{CoSb}}_3$ , ${\text{Pt}}_4{\text{Sn}}_{4.4}{\text{Sb}}_{7.6}$ , for As- and Ge-based skutterudites as well as for various high-ZT skutterudites (micro- and nanostructured) with didymium (DD) and mischmetal (Mm) as filler atoms in frameworks of ${\left({\text{Fe}}_{1-\text{x}}{\text{Co}}_{\text{x}}\right)}_4{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ and ${\left({\text{Fe}}_{1-\text{x}}{\text{Ni}}_{\text{x}}\right)}_4{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ , and for double and triple-filled skutterudites such as ${\text{Ca}}_{0.07}{\text{Ba}}_{0.23}{\text{Co}}_{3.95}{\text{Ni}}_{0.05}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ and ${\text{Sr}}_{0.025}{\text{Ba}}_{0.075}{\text{Yb}}_{0.1}{\text{Co}}_4{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ . For low temperatures, a capacitance dilatometer was used (4–300 K), whereas for temperatures $300<\text{T}<750\text{K}$ , a dynamic mechanical analyzer was employed. For a set of Ge-, P-, and Sb-based skutterudites, lattice parameters of single crystals, measured at three different temperatures, were used to derive the thermal expansion coefficient. The semiclassical model of Mukherjee [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1876 (1996)] has been successfully used to quantitatively describe the thermal expansion coefficient in terms of Einstein and Debye temperatures, which compare well with the corresponding results from specific heat, electrical resistivity, or temperature dependent x-ray measurements.