Carbon Dots Green Synthesis for Ultra-Trace Determination of Ceftriaxone Using Response Surface Methodology

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Abstract
The present study sought to develop a facile and green synthetic approach for producing fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) from a natural biomass using aqueous extraction of carbonized blue crab shell. Spherical carbon dots (6.00 ± 3.0 nm) exhibited an extended emission range with excellent quantum yield (14.5 ± 3.5%). In order to measure ceftriaxone, we offered a simple and sensitive method, based on fluorescence quenching of carbon dots in plasma and water with recovery values of 94.5–104.1%. Furthermore, with usage of central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM); we optimized the effect of different factors. In addition, ANOVA evaluated the accuracy and suitability of quadratic model. Under optimal conditions, fluorescence quenching revealed a sensitive response in the concentration range of 20–1000 nM with the limit of detection 9.0 nM for ceftriaxone. Finally, carbon dots-based fluorescence quenching procedure was able to quantify ceftriaxone in plasma, as well as mineral and tap water. Spiked samples achieved satisfactory efficiencies.

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