Digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia and primary care costs in England: an interrupted time series analysis

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Abstract
Background: Sleepio is an automated digital program that delivers digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (dCBT-I). Sleepio has been proven effective in improving sleep difficulties; however, evidence for the possible impact of Sleepio use on healthcare costs in the UK has not, to the authors’ knowledge, previously been developed.Aim: To identify the effect of a population-wide rollout of Sleepio in terms of primary care costs in the NHS in England.Design & setting: The study was conducted in the Thames Valley region of England, where access to Sleepio was made freely available to all residents between October 2018 and January 2020. The study relies on a quasi-experimental design, using an interrupted time series (ITS) to compare the trend in primary care costs before and after the rollout of Sleepio.Method: Primary care data for people with relevant characteristics from nine general practices in Buckinghamshire was used. Primary care costs include general practice contacts and prescriptions. Segmented regression analysis was used to estimate primary and secondary outcomes.Results: For the 10 705 patients included in the sample, the total saving over the 65-week follow-up period was £71 027. This corresponds to £6.64 per person in the sample or around £70.44 per Sleepio user. Secondary analyses suggest that savings may be driven primarily by reductions in prescribing.Conclusion: Sleepio rollout reduced primary care costs. National adoption of Sleepio may reduce primary care costs by £20 million in the first year. The expected impact on primary care costs in any particular setting will depend on the uptake of Sleepio.
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