Noninvasive in vivo human multiphoton microscopy: a key method in proving nanoparticulate zinc oxide sunscreen safety

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Abstract
Researchers at the forefront of advances in technology have always had the flow-on benefits of being able to apply that technology in addressing previously unresolvable key concerns in biology and other disciplines. These findings may, in turn, stimulate the next wave of technological advances or refinements, resulting in further research and development in resolving particular ill-defined issues of interest. One such example of a vital juxtaposition is the role played by the commercial development of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) for human studies in the assessment and, ultimately, the regulatory approval of the nano-sized and transparent zinc oxide sunscreens, which we present here as a case study. We emphasize that this is only one of many examples of how this commercial MPM has been used. Noninvasively obtaining optical images at various depths of intact skin on humans using MPM is known as multiphoton tomography (MPT). König et al. have pointed out that unique tomographs for more than 2000 patients and volunteers have been obtained in Europe, Australia, and Asia and that the next wave of technology has begun with femtosecond laser nanoprocessing microscopes now being employed for targeted delivery and deposition in body organs, optical transfection, optical cleaning of stem cells, tracking of microRNAs, and imaging of human corneas.1
Funding Information
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (1107356)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (1002611)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (1008739)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (569694)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (519703)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (401505)

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