Cervical cancer remains a significant public health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa and Kenya in particular. The causative role of HPV in development of cervical cancer has been well documented with HPV-16 accounting for up to 50% of cervical cancer cases. The Kenya National Cancer guidelines has developed preventative strategies like mass screening and HPV vaccination for girls aged 10-15years to promote the elimination of cervical cancer. Despite the efforts, the challenge persists in the Lake Victoria Basin(LVB), a region characterized by the HIV pandemic, limited access to preventive and curative healthcare services. The recent COVID-19 pandemic together with other confluence of factors has exacerbated HPV prevention and control efforts in the region. In this PhD, the current epidemiological landscape of HPV infection in the region is explored. Specifically, the research seeks to establish the prevalence, genotype distribution, risk factors, viral load, and genetic variation of human papillomavirus infection, particularly HPV-16 among women in the LVB-Africa and to compare part of these findings with those from a European population.