Integrating Slow-paced Breathing into Pre-shot Routine: Acute Effects on Heart Rate Variability and Golf Swing Performance under Pressure

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Abstract
Introduction/Background: Slow-Paced Breathing (SPB) is a reliable intervention for emotional regulation that facilitates autonomic stability. When integrated into Pre-Shot Routines (PSR) of golfers, SPB facilitates emotional regulation, sustains attentional stability under pressure, and ensures precise motor execution. However, the psychophysiological impacts of integrating SPB into PSR and their effects on performance outcomes have yet to be fully characterized across varying conditions. Objectives: This study aims to examine the effects of SPB integrated with PSR (SPB+PSR) on swing performance and autonomic regulation. Methods: This study used a within-subject, repeated measures design. Fifteen male golfers (aged 18–30) completed three protocols: PSR, SPB+PSR under control (non-pressure) conditions, and SPB+PSR under pressure. Autonomic activity (measured via RMSSD), heart rate, swing characteristics, and psychological states were recorded before and after the golf swing test. Results: The SPB+PSR protocol showed significantly higher RMSSD and lower heart rate responses than PSR alone ( p < 0.05). Under pressure, SPB+PSR resulted in better swing distance but increased lateral deviation as compared to the normal condition. Although golfers reported enhanced mental clarity and relaxation when performing SPB+PSR, their confidence decreased under pressure. Discussion: The increased RMSSD observed in the SPB+PSR protocol indicates a reduction in physiological stress and an enhancement of parasympathetic activity. However, the decrease in shot accuracy under pressure suggests that SPB's efficacy in improving performance outcomes may be limited. It is plausible that moderate arousal impaired fine motor control and decreased self-confidence, thereby attenuating the physiological benefits of the breathing intervention. Conclusion: The SPB+PSR protocol enhances autonomic regulation and psychological readiness in male golfers. While this protocol improves swing performance, its efficacy in maintaining shot accuracy diminishes under pressure. Consequently, integrating SPB into PSR may help golfers manage their mental state and motor control, though additional training may be needed to maintain performance in high-demand, unpredictable environments.

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