Valorization of Acorns Through the Development of Novel Plant-Based Products: Formulation and Shelf-Life Assessment

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Abstract
Acorns (Quercus spp.) are an underutilized forest resource with recognized nutritional and bioactive potential, making them promising candidates for the development of sustainable plant-based functional foods. This study aimed to valorize acorns through the formulation of two novel acorn-based products, a plant-based beverage, and a pudding, and to assess their nutritional properties, sensory acceptability, and, for the beverage, refrigerated shelf-life stability. The beverage was optimized as a neutral-flavored milk alternative, using sodium alginate as a natural clean-label stabilizer to enhance emulsion stability and physicochemical properties. The final formulation exhibited low energy density and a lipid profile rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, contributing to its nutritional and functional value. Throughout 63 days of storage at 4 °C, sodium alginate effectively prevented phase separation and supported the retention of antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by stable ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total phenolic content, although ABTS radical scavenging activity declined over time. No microbial growth was detected during storage, confirming the adequacy of the applied thermal treatment and aseptic filling procedures applied. The acorn-based pudding, developed by adapting a traditional egg-based recipe, functioned as a proof of concept illustrating the technological versatility of acorns across distinct plant-based matrices, exhibiting a nutritional profile comparable to commercial counterparts and high consumer acceptability. Overall, this work demonstrates the technological feasibility and versatility of incorporating acorns into plant-based food matrices, supporting their potential as sustainable ingredients for the development of innovative value-added foods and contributing to the valorization of forest resources.
Funding Information
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (LSRE-LCM, UID/50020/2025 (DOI: 10.54499/UID/50020/2025))
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (ALiCE, LA/P/0045/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0045/2020))
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (MARE (UID) UIDP/04292/2025, https://doi.org/10.54499/UID/04292/2025)
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (ARNET LA/P/0069/2020, https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0069/2020)
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PRIMA/0006/2022 Rescuing Acorns as a Mediterranean Traditional Superfood (MEDACORNET) project)

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