Gender differences in career advancements in Italian universities over the last 20 years

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Abstract
This article deals with gender differences in Italian universities in the last 20 years in terms of career advancements. Data are taken from the MUR (Ministry of University and Research) archive. In Italy, career advancements are still much easier for men, even if the gender gap has slowly narrowed in the last decades. The novelty of this paper is the analysis through event-history analysis models on the time elapsed to receive a promotion (from assistant to associate professor and from associate to full professor). The event-history analysis applied to career advancements has revealed that women take, on average, about one and a half more years than men to advance, with some differences among fields of study and macroregions. Furthermore, this gender gap is higher in the first years of the career. Two sociological metaphors used in the gender literature, the “leaky pipeline” and the “glass ceiling”, seem to intervene powerfully in the gender gap of Italian universities careers.

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